Earth’s Magnetic Field Essay

Earth’s magnetic field is one of the world’s most complicated features. It started to be observed in 1845 by a scientist named Carl Friedman Gauss (Sarfati). The magnetic field is generated inside of the earth’s core and there are many scientists who still debate over how it was first created. There are also many arguments about the many changes that the field has gone through in it’s existence. These arguments are mostly either for a young-earth model or an old earth model. History of the magnetic filed Earth’s magnetic field is a field of electric current that is conducted from the earth’s solid inner core through the liquid outer core (Richard). The electrical current goes around the earth and through it at the north and south poles. The north pole was first discovered by James Ross in 1831 (nasa.gov). No one visited it again until the early 1900s. â€Å"In 1904, Roald Amundsen found the pole again and discovered that it had moved–at least 50 km since the days of Ross,† (nasa.gov). The north pole continued to move at an average of about 10 kilometers per year in the twentieth century (nasa.gov). More recently scientist Larry Newitt of the Geological Survey of Canada has said that it has been moving an average of 40 kilometers every year (nasa.gov). The past of earth’s magnetic field can be studied by past lava eruptions that have hardened. â€Å"When grains of the common magnetic mineral magnetite in volcanic lava or ash flows cool below its Curie point of 570 °C (1060 °F), the magnetic domains partly align themselves in the direction of the earth’s magnetic field at that time. Once the rock has fully cooled, the magnetite’s alignment is fixed,† (Sarfati). The Curie point of a substance is the temperature at which it loses its magnetism, so the lava must cool below this point before the magnetite can align(Sarfati). Using these records scientists have seen that the earth’s pole have switched several times in the past. What the magnetic field actually does that is beneficial to the earth is deflect cosmic rays. The magnetic currents push them toward the north and south poles. â€Å"The increase could knock out power grids, scramble the communications systems on spacecraft, temporarily widen atmospheric ozone holes, and generate more aurora activity,† (Roach). The effect that these cosmic rays would cause to humans are unknown though some think that they would cause tissue damage much like x-rays (Richard). It also reduces the emission of carbon 14 which makes the earth healthier (Humphreys). Magnetic field reversals Magnetic field reversals occur when the currents of the the outer core of the earth move the electrical current around enough that it actually flips upside down. Many scientists believe that when the poles switch places there is a period of time where the magnetic field does not exist, but the University of California professor Gary Glatzmaier says â€Å"It just gets more complicated,† (nasa.gov). He states that when the poles are reverse there will actually be multiple magnetic poles that appear all around the earth. â€Å"A south magnetic pole might emerge over Africa, for instance, or a north pole over Tahiti,†(nasa.gov). Earth’s magnetic field during a reversal (nasa.gov) Some old earth scientists believe that when poles reverse is caused by a second magnetic field coming into existence with an opposite polarity and it then overpowers the first. This idea works if you assume that the geodynamo model is true because if the current of the liquid metal causes the magnetic field then the currents are can make a new field easily (Richard). Once the first field decays the second takes over. Other old earth scientists believe that when the polarity changes it is just the electrical current being shifted enough by the liquid outer core that it reverses directions completely (nasa.gov). Both of these processes would take large amounts of time and since there is proof that there have been many reversals have occurred in the past, this is what old earth scientists can use as evidence that the earth is old (nasa.gov). Dr. Russell Humphreys accepted that reversals were real, unlike some previous creationists. He proposed that the process of convection could cause the magnetic field to reverse (Humphreys). Most young earth scientists believe that most of the reversals occurred during a global flood which occur in Genesis. Dr. John Baumgardner proposed that the Genesis Flood was caused by the plunging of tectonic plates (Sarfati). This would have made the outer parts of the liquid core to cool rapidly which would have sped up the process of convection. In this model reversals would have occurred once every week or two. The most stunning piece of evidence for this is a very thin layer of lava that was found that most have cooled within a few days weeks and the magnetite of the outside of the layer is aligned in opposite direction as the inside (Sarfati). Origins of the field Scientists that believe in the old-earth model have said that there’s is about 300,000 years in between magnetic field reversals and that each reversal takes around 10,000 years to complete (Roach). The electrical current which makes the field has been said to be generated through convection. The liquid of the outer core which conducts the electrical current is constantly moving (Richard). This movement is caused by the heating of the molten liquid by the inner core which causes it to rise and as soon as the liquid cools it will sink. This process is called convection (Richard). This idea that this process can generate an electric current is called the geodynamo model. Young earth scientists strongly disagree with this. The first point that they make is that the geodynamo model has no significant evidence even after decades of research (Humphreys). One proposed idea is that during creation God made atomic nuclei spin in the same direction (Humphreys). The spin of atomic nuclei creates a tiny magnetic field and if the spin of the atomic nulcei were aligned it would add up to a much larger field. Dr. Russell Humphreys who has a Ph.D. in physics says â€Å"as thermal collisions disoriented the nuclear spins, the laws of electricity predict a startup of an electric current within the core of the earth to sustain the field.† Genesis flood model of earth’s magnetic field decay and reversals (Humphreys) Field fluctuations As stated before, the magnetic field prevents some of the production of carbon 14. This also can be used to see the past of the field. This is a process called radiocarbon dating (Humphreys). Using this scientists have seen that the field has been increasing and decreasing in strength over time. These fluctuations are what most old earth scientists use to say that the current decrease is no more than just a fluctuation and that it is not a steady decrease (Richard). The young earth rebuttal for this again goes back to the Genesis flood. In a summary of Dr. Russell Humphrey’s paper on the magnetic field fluctuations of states that because the liquid of the outer core disrupted the electrical current during the flood there would have been what he called higher-order components (Humphreys). This means that there four poles or eight poles, etc, and these poles would die away faster than the two main poles. â€Å"The higher-order components can have either polarity, the strength of the field would fluctuate up and down, as different components died away at different rates.† If the young earth scientists proposed idea of the exponential decay of the magnetic earth of the field is correct then the earth cannot be more than 10,000 years old (Sarfati). At the rate that the field is currently decreasing, which has been calculated with the formula i = Ie-t/Ï„, the field would have been strong enough to melt the earth if it had been in existence longer than 10,000 years (sarfati). Conclusion Both of these groups of scientists have evidence that supports their main points. The earth’s magnetic field a very complicated system that has been around since the beginning of the earth. There has been much that scientists have learned from it and there are still many things that they have to learn about it.

How accurate is Source A when applied to the activities of the Palestine Liberation Organisation under Yasser Arafat since the 1960s ?

Official Question: â€Å"How accurate is Source A when applied to the activities of the Palestine Liberation Organisation under Yasser Arafat since the 1960s ?† Remember: you can use the Sources but must NOT cop out my suggestions. You CAN use this set of notes to form an outline of your answer. Yoru answer does NOT have to be very long as you are only asked to COMMENT on four small Pieces of Evidence. You must end up with a Conclusion in which YOU say whether what Source A says is â€Å"Accurate† or â€Å"Inaccurate†, so you need to start of your answer by saying what â€Å"Accurate† means to an historian THIS COURSEWORK IS EASIER THAN IT LOOKS AT FIRST!! Source A: Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun [By Mao-Tse-Tung, Communist leader in the Civil War in China in the 1930s. He wrote this line in a book in 1938. In 1948 he took over all of China and became its leader. He was never elected] Source B: Since the 1980s, Yasser Araft has tried hard to change his image from that of â€Å"freedom fighter† to the idea of a sensible, moderate statesman. In 1988 he agreed that Israel had the right to exist [before he had wanted to wipe the whole country off the map]; in 1993, after secret meetings, he signed a peace deal with Israel. This gained some home rule and freedom for some Palestinians, but then people inside his own party, the PLO, began criticising him for doing a deal with the enemy. One group split away and formed a â€Å"terrorist† group named Hamas† [From a school text book published in 1997. Hamas still exists. The suicide â€Å"terrorist† bombers killing people in Israel today are from Hamas] Source C: When we hijack a plane it is more effective than killing 100 Israelis in war. The whole world now notices us, whereas before the world ignored us. The world is talking about us now [From interviews with PLO members in the 1970s, written up in a book published in 1997] Source D: Democratic governments will never give in to blackmail, violence and terror. Appeasement [being nice to the enemy] will only encourage more terror and bring more death [From a British newspaper in 2001 after Arab â€Å"terrorist† supporters of the Palestinians had tried to blow up the World Trade Centre in New York. This was before the September 11th attack on the Two Towers] Most countries in the world now change governments by having elections and votes. This was not always the case. In the 1930s the Mao-Tse-Tung said that elections were a waste of time and that if you wanted to get into power you had to use violence [See Source A] Once he had seized power in China he banned all elections [in case he lost !} and China is still a Communist country even today. So his Plan worked !!! You can see why it would seem attractive to small, unhappy groups of people such as the Palestinian Arabs, many of whom had been thrown out of their â€Å"own† land after the return of the Jews and after Israel had been set up as an independent country in 1948. Under its leader Yasser Arafat the PLO avoided fighting the Israelis face-to-face [there have been 4 Arab-Israeli wars, and the Israelis won all 4] and began to use what they called â€Å"guerrilla† or â€Å"freedom† fighting ideas [such as ambushes, bombings, assassinations etc] but which the Israelis and their powerful American allies still call â€Å"terrorism† [Remember George Bush calls the fighting in Iraq part of his struggle against â€Å"the world of terrorism†. The PLO claimed it was only using the same methods the Jews had used against the Romans 2000 years ago and also against the British army between 1945-1948, when some Jews killed British soldiers to try to get the British government to give the Jewish people their own homeland. So, said the Palestinians, if it was alright for you to use nasty ways of fighting to gain your freedom, then we can use the same ways ourselves. The problem is the use of the word â€Å"terrorism†, which is a word always used by one side to claim the other side is not fighting â€Å"decently† and â€Å"fairly†. A MODEL ANSWER [Do NOT copy this] Official Question: â€Å"How accurate is Source A when applied to the activities of the Palestine Liberation Organisation under Yasser Arafat since the 1960s ?† When a historian writes about the past he/she always tries to use evidence and sources to write a book that is â€Å"accurate†, by which he/she means does it tell the truth, or as near as we can get to the truth. The trouble is that there are always at least two sides to any argument [often many more] and even people on the same side will disagree with their own side, and sometimes start little civil wars. Also, people's ideas change: if their original plans do not work, sensible political leaders change their plans. This is what seems to have happened in the middle east situation, where both Palestinians Arabs and Israeli Jews claim the same piece of Land is â€Å"theirs†. By the 1960s the Palestinian Arabs were desperate. They claimed they had been thrown out of â€Å"their† homeland, where they had lived for 2000 years, by the Israeli Jews who had themselves been thrown out by the Romans 2000 years ago. These Jews had been moving back since the beginning of the 20th century, but huge numbers moved in after WW2 saying they wanted a land of their own where such horrors as the Nazi gas-chambers could never happen again. The Palestinian Arabs were sorry about what the Germans had done to the Jews, but said it had nothing to do with them. Even so, in 1948 a brand new country called Israel came into existence, and many thousands of Palestinian Arabs lost their land. The problem is still going on right now. Between 1948 and 1973 there were four Wars between the Israelis and the Arabs, trying to get the Palestinian Arabs back â€Å"home†, but the Arabs lost all four. So young Palestinian Arab men, lead by Yasser Arafat, set up the Palestine Liberation Organisation to win â€Å"freedom† [that's what Liberation means] for their people, this time using different ways of fighting: ambushes, bombings, sabotage, assassination, which they claimed they had copied from the Jews themselves. They based these plans on the words of the successful Chinese leader Mao-Tse-Tung [See Source A] but, basically, they didn't work. The world took no notice. So the PLO switched to blowing up targets outside Israel, in countries friendly to Israel: this was to get the world to at least notice there was a problem [see Source C]. Then, having got the rest of the world [especially the USA] to take some interest, Arafat switched his plans and starting talking to the Israelis, just as if he had always been a normal leader. The Israelis wanted peace [they said] so a peace deal was signed [see Source B]. But some PLO members said that Arafat had sold them out by talking to the enemy Israel, and they continued with their ideas of â€Å"terrorism†, even attacking their old friends in the PLO and, as we know now, committing acts of â€Å"terrorism† in other countries [see Source D]. Remember the connection between the Palestinian people's problems and the attacks in New York and Washington DC on 11/9/2001 by Al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden. So Source A was accurate once: â€Å"terrorism† used to work. But eventually both sides agree that it is better to sit down and talk, with both sides making a deal. [This is what is happening in Northern Ireland, where the IRA and the British are working with each other, while 20 years ago they were killing each other]. The problem in the Middle east is to convince people who have hated each other on-and-off for thousands of years that they can sit down, talk, and possibly even live side-by-side.

List of Halogens (Element Groups)

The halogen elements are located in group VIIA of the periodic table, which is the second-to-last column of the chart. This is a list of elements that belong to the halogen group and the properties that they share in common: Types of Halogens Depending on who you ask, there are either 5 or 6 halogens. Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine definitely are halogens. Element 117, which has the placeholder name of ununseptium, might have some properties in common with the other elements. Even though it is in the same column or group of the periodic table with the other halogens, most scientists believe element 117 will behave more like a metalloid. So little of it has been produced, its a matter of prediction, not empirical data. FluorineChlorineBromineIodineAstatineTennessine (might behave as a halogen, at least in some respects) Halogen Properties These elements share some common properties that distinguish them from other elements on the periodic table. They are highly reactive nonmetals.Atoms of belonging to the halogen group have 7 electrons in their outermost (valence) shell. These atoms need one more electron in order to have a stable octet.Halogens are highly electronegative, with high electron affinities.The melting and boiling points of the halogens increase as you increase atomic number (as you move down the periodic table).The elements change their state of matter at room temperature and pressure as you increase atomic number. Fluorine and chlorine are gases. Bromine is a liquid element. Iodine is a solid. Scientists predict tennessine will be a solid at room temperature.

Essay about al capone - 1573 Words

Organized crime was not so organized up until the 1920s. When the 1920s arrived, the American lifestyle changed dramatically. People started investing money in home appliances and automobiles, women’s skirts became higher and drinking became very popular. Also, organized crime came to a rise in the 1920’s. And in the high ranks of organized crime was Al Capone. Al Capone ran many illegal businesses including bootlegging, gambling, prostitution, and murders. There were many gangs in the world of organized crime and Al Capone’s was at the top. Al Capone was the most infamous gangster in the 1920’s. Being a big time gangster was big business. Money was made fast and very easily. Bootlegging alcohol was by far the most profitable in the†¦show more content†¦Torrio left Capone in control of their areas to take his sick mother back to Italy. Capone was at the top of a Chicago suburb known as Cicero. At the age of 25, Capone was one of the most powerful men in Chicago, but being such a force also made him a target for rival gangs. D. VanGorder 3 In New York, Arnold Rothstein was â€Å"the man.† He was a bootlegger, he also sold narcotics, and he started off many big names in crime such as Charles â€Å"Lucky† Luciano, Frank Costello and Dutch Shultz. Rothstein made friends with as many bootleggers and gamblers as he could. He never wanted anything to go wrong. He was sort of paranoid but Rothstein was a very powerful man. The most incredible act ever made by a thug just may have been the fixing of the 1919 World Series between the Reds and the White Sox. Many of the White Sox star players wanted higher wages, owners of the club refused. But Rothstien changed that. It was said that he paid off eight of the White Sox players 10,000 dollars each. The Red’s would have lost but with a little help from Rothstein the White Sox did lose and Rothstein got back all of his money winning bets. Charles â€Å"Lucky† Luciano was another one of the most successful gangsters during the 1920s. His place of crime was New York. Luciano started under a man named Maranzano as Capone started under Johnny Torrio. Luciano was one of Maranzano’s top men. After being under him, Charles LucianoShow MoreRelatedProhibition and Al Capone858 Words   |  3 Pagesthe collapse of law and order in the 1920’s, perhaps the most recognized figure to emerge from the time is Al Capone. â€Å"The New York Times said of Al Capone that he was the symbol of a shameful era, the monstrous symptom of a disease which was eating into the conscience of America. Looking back on it now, this period of Prohibition in full, ugly flower seems fantastically incredible. 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Al Capone came from a huge family. He was the fourth oldest of nine children. At birth, Capones parents never would have believed that their son, Alphonse Capone, would grow up to be a murderous thug without remorse. As a child, Al Capone wasRead More Al Capone Essay688 Words   |  3 PagesAl Capone Throughout Americas history there have been many famous criminals, John Dillinger, John Gotti, Lucky Luciano, just to name a few. However, due to his extreme wealth and Godfather like status, the most notorious and famous one might have been Al Capone. Alphonse Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York on January 17, 1899 to immigrants from Naples, Italy. At a very young age, he became involved in organized crime by quitting school after sixth grade and joining a local neighborhood

Bismarck Napoleon III and the Outbreak of the...

Bismarck Napoleon III and the Outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War Bismarck, Napoleon III, and the Outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War The unification of Germany threw all of Europe off its axis. With the formation of this new power there were now five major powers instead of four. This would work to unsettle age-old alliances and confuse the entire European continent for more than twenty years. Not least among the nations swept of their proverbial feet was France. France was a rival with the German alliance long before it merged into one state, but the new stability of a unified Germany made it a much more powerful entity. France scrambled to try and establish a sense of security, immediately demanding compensation in the form of†¦show more content†¦It seemed that the Germans were using the same tactic that they would use almost fifty years later, goading their enemies into an irrevocable stance and into war. Ducrot urged the French that a pre-emptive strike across the Rhine would catch Germany off guard and they could march all the way t o Berlin. However, the French military heads had no plan in effect for a possible altercation with Germany and did not until the war was eminent. They toyed with the idea of a possible alignment with Austria-Hungary, but their government was wary of such an arrangement but agreed to a triple alliance that included Italy. This would, the Archduke estimated, create a force of nearly one million allied troops against a force of roughly half-a-million Germans (Hwd 47). Finally, the event that would spur the war came to pass. The Hohenzollern candidature for the Spanish crown had come open following the revolution against Queen Isabella in 1868. The crown was initially refused by Prince Charles Anthony and then offered to his son Leopold with the influence if William I. Leopold reluctantly accepted the Spanish crown out of respect and servitude to Germany (Hwd 48). The acceptance of the Spanish crown and the lack of anyone to announce it until considerable time had passed outraged the F rench and most of the remainder of Europe. France took it as a slap to theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Unification of Germany2154 Words   |  9 Pagesa turning pointà ¨Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ©Ã‚ »Ã… ¾ in the European history, and was one of the remote causesà ©Ã‚  Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚   that led to the outbreak of the First World War. In fact, the success of German unification was due to the interplayà ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¤Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬  of many factors. Ideological ----------- a. Liberalism: Ideas of liberalism had been sown by the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. During the upheavalà ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ®Ã…  , such French ideals of liberty, equality and fraternityà ¥Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ º were spread to GermansRead MoreThe Unification Of Italy After Unification1273 Words   |  6 PagesUnification of Italy Before Unification Before unification, Italy was made up of several small countries. These separate countries seemed to share a common culture and language. From these similarities many people wanted to unify in nationalism. Napoleon had invaded Italy in 1796, so unification was not possible until he was defeated in 1814. A map of Italy before Unification. After Napoleon’s downfall Italy was made up of: Kingdom of two Sicilies, The Papal states, the Austrian empire, DuchyRead MoreHistory HL Paper 3 Europe6131 Words   |  25 Pagesdirect and indirect taxation. Louis XVI was considered weak and incompetent, debt increased, and a series of ministers failed to solve it. 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Small Business Analysis and Interpretation

Question: Discuss about theSmall Business Analysis and Interpretation. Answer: Introduction: The report analyzes the small-medium enterprises, which are TEDA Pvt. Ltd., TUST Pvt. Ltd., Quantas Airway Ltd., and Virgin Australia Holding Ltd in terms of financial and non-financial performance. The financial performance of these small medium enterprises has been analyzed by the ratio analysis of the financial statements of these companies to determine their liquidity, efficiency, profitability, solvency and market performance. Along with this, the report incorporates the comparison of two companies Quantas Airway Ltd. and Virgin Australia Holding Ltd in the same industry to determine the one best performing in the market. Small Business Analysis 1 a) Entity Earning Ability of TEDA Ltd (Profitability Ratios) Profitability ratios of TEDA Ltd (2015) Calculations 1) Return on equity ratio = Net income/Total equity (Study, 2016) Hereby, Net income = $75,000 Total equity = $ 232935 $75,000/232935 = 32.19% 2) Profit margin ratio = Net Income/ Sales Hereby, Net income = $ 75000 Sales = $ 462500 $75000/$462500 = 16.21% 3) Return on assets ratio = Net income/Average total assets Hereby, Net income = $ 75000 Average of total assets = 420,675 + 387,500/2 = $404087.5 $75000/404087.5 = 18.56% 4) Gross profit margin ratio = Gross profit/Total sales (Thebalance, 2016) Hereby, Gross profit = $ 1,55,000 Total sales = $ 4,62,500 $1,55,000/4,62,500 = 33.51% b) Debt to Asset Ratio Debt to asset ratio of TEDA Ltd Calculation Total liabilities/Total assets (Accountingtools, 2016) Hereby, Total Liabilities = $187740 Total assets = $420675 $187740/420675 = 44.62% c) Accounts Receivable Turnover Tatio Accounts receivable turnover ratio Calculation Net sales/Accounts receivable (Evans, 2016) Hereby, Net sales = $4,62,500 Accounts receivable = 1,49,625 + 157500 Average = 307125/2 = 153562.5 $4,62,500/153562.5 = 3.01% d) Current Ratio Current ratio Calculation Current assets/Current Liabilities Hereby, Current assets = 285075 Current Liabilities = 156240 $285075/$156240 = 1.82:1 E) Inventory Turnover Ratio Inventory turnover ratio Calculation COGS/Average inventory (Nelson, 2015) Hereby, Cost of goods sold = $307500 Average inventory = 126000+110250/2=118125 $307500/118125 = 2.60 Small Business Analysis 2: Trust Pty Ltd Liquidity ratio Tells us the ability of the company to pay its short-term debts or obligations. As per the current ratio of the company is increased from 2.1:1 to 2.6 : 1 in 2013 that means that the company stock is increased as compared to the last year. It indicates that the company is not effectively using its current inventories and short-term financial obligations. Current ratio shows the liquidity strength of the company. But in the case of Tust pty limited companys stock is idle as compared to previous year, It means that the company unable to sale its material due to poor supply chain management policies and low demand in the market (Cetorelli and Goldberg, 2012). The company should improve supply chain management and increase the customer base in the market. Similarly, companys quick ratio is increased from previous year it means that the company has enough cash to pay its short-term liabilities. Efficiency ratio: It indicates that the how company uses their assets to generate liquidity. This ratio gives us the idea of the time period to collect the cash from their customers and also determines the time period where the company gets turn their inventory into cash. From the given figures of the company days in inventory figure increased from 122 to 127, it means that the company took the average number of days to convert its stock into cash. As per the growth in inventory figures from last year, it indicates that the company inventory is increased with respect to its sales (creditmanagementworld, 2016). It means that the company faces a dilemma to sell its stock in the market. Effective measures and good marketing strategy should adopt by the company to sell their stocks quickly in the market. Similarly, Debtors outstanding days figure increased from 30 to 46.It means that the company takes a maximum time to collect the cash from its credit sales. The company should collect th e outstanding from the customers quickly and frame effective credit policies to reduce the impact on working capital. Profitability ratio: It indicates the efficiency of the company to turns business activity into profits. The net profit margin of the company is increased from 1.36% to 2.23% is given in the table. It means that the company follows the effective pricing strategies and cost structure. So that the company net profit margin is increased as compared to last year (Readyratios, 2016). The company extracts the sufficient profits from its total sales due to the good customer base and effective marketing strategies. The figure depicts that the company is capable of turning its revenues into profits. It is recommended that the company should minimize the cost and use right product strategies to earn the good profits in the long term. Small Business Analysis 3: Case Study Qantas Airways Limited Virgin Australia Holdings Limited EBIT margin 1.85% 3.50% ROE 3.38% 8.40% ROA 2.12% 3.29% Debt to Equity 111.21% 180.07% Current Ratio 0.77 0.65 Net profit margin 1.36% 2.23% Profitability ratio: It indicates the overall efficiency and performance of two airlines companies related to its sales, investments, and assets. Different types of profitability ratio assess the companys sales and assets of the company with respect to its investments in the resources (Ehow, 2016). The different type of profitability ratios, which is given in the above table, indicates the efficiency of the operations of the company. These ratios include EBIT, return on equity, return on assets and net profit margin. EBIT Margin: It indicates the companys profitability on sales over a particular period. It does not include any taxes and interest. It represents the firms earnings from the ongoing operations over the particular period. This indicator tells us the companys earnings capacity. As per the above figure, it gives the EBIT margin of both the airline companies. Qantas airways have a 1.85% of EBIT margin as compared to Virgin Australia holdings limited (Pignataro, 2013). It means that the Qantas Airways Limited has a lower EBIT margin due to high-cost structure, low productivity, and lower revenue. On the other side, Virgin Australia Holdings Limited maintain effective cost management system as compared to Qantas Airways. It means that every dollar company is generating in revenue results in 1.85% of profits before all taxes and interest that is comparatively low with the Virgin Australia holdings Limited. Therefore, the Quantas Airways should increase the EBIT margin by maintaining effecti ve cost structure and higher the productivity. Return on Equity: It measures that how both companies managed their investor's fund to generate sufficient profits. This ratio indicates the net profits earned by the company to shareholders fund. It analyzed that how both companies smartly managed the each rupee of shareholders investment. As per the given figure, it indicates that the Qantas Airways ROE is 3.38% and Virgin Australia Holdings Limited is 8.40% which is comparatively low due to lower profit margins and poor financial policies. Hence it is suggested that the Qantas Airways should pay low taxes. Paying high taxes also impacts on ROE. The company should increase its profit margins by increasing their return on sales (Porter and Norton, 2012). Operating cost should also improve by the company so that the company gets good returns on sales. Financial leverage rate should increase by the company to get a good return on equity. Financial leverage means the amount of debt holds by the company. If the company increases its deb ts, it gets the good return on equity. Therefore, these are the basic financial techniques, which should adopt by the Qantas Airways to increase the return on equity as compared to Virgin Australia Holdings Limited. Return on assets: It indicates the relation of companys profitability into its total assets. It evaluates the companys profitability in relation to the per dollar of its assets that shows the capability of the company to earn profits before any leverage. It measures the business earnings through its creditors and investors. It gives an indication of the capital intensity of the company, which depend on the industry. The airline industry is a capital-intensive industry will yield a low return on assets because they put the major assets into the business (Financeformulaes, 2016). As per the given data of both the companies it indicated that the ROA of Qantas Airways Limited is 2.12% and Virgin Australia Limited is 3.29% in 2012.It depicts that the Qantas Airways Limited is not effectively managed their total assets to make a profit. The company yields the lower return on its total assets. On the other hand, Virgin Australia Holdings Limited is effectively managing their resources to ge nerate higher returns. So it is recommended that the Qantas Airways should boost its profit margin or effectively use its assets to increase its revenues. Net profit margin: It is also a part of profitability ratio that derived by deducting all operating expenses, interest, and taxes from the revenue left after deducting gross profit. It is a very important ratio for shareholders because they closely observe that how the company turns its revenues into profits available for shareholders. As per the given table above, it is interpreted that the net profit margin ratio of Qantas Airways Limited is 1.36%, and Virgin Australia Limited is 2.23%. It shows the declining net profit margin of Qantas Airways Limited in 2012 due to poor customer experience, decline in sales and services of companys hospitality and inadequate expense management (Parker, Guthrie and Linacre, 2011). Whereas Virgin Australia Limited Holdings Limited improves its services and sales in hospitality, reduced costs and offers more discounts and promotional schemes to customers to remain competitive in the market. So it is recommended that the Qantas Airways Limited should improve the hospitality services for its customers, Offer discounts, and special promotional schemes to enhance the revenue and net profit margin of the company. Liquidity ratio- It represents the companys capacity to pay its short-term debts or obligations. The current ratio of the both the companys tells us the companys ability to pay off its debts or obligations in future. As per the given table, that shows the current ratio of both the companies. The current ratio of Qantas Limited is 0.77% and Virgin Australia Limited is 0.65%. It indicates that the high current ratio of Qantas Limited is not good for the company because it refers that inefficient use of resources tied up with working capital that its impact the other areas of operations (Kraft, 2014). Efficiency ratio- Measures the capacity to use its assets and manage their liabilities efficiently .It indicates that how company manages its liabilities in the long term. As per the above table, debt equity ratio of the Qantas Airways Limited is 111.21% that is low as compared to Virgin Australia Holdings Limited that is 180.07%. Low debt to equity ratio of the company indicates that the companys financial condition is stable because the company has low debts as comparison to its assets and it enables more financing options for the company in the market due to low debt and good creditworthiness in the market. On the other hand, Virgin Australia Holdings Limited has high debt ratio to its assets. The company has not invested in new operations and it is difficult to finance from the market because of high debt. So that the Virgin Australia Limited Holdings should maintain their debts in comparison to its assets by framing effective credit policies (Kaplan and Atkinson, 2015). Conclusion: From the above report, it can be concluded that the liquidity position of the TEDA Ltd. is poor. Nonetheless, it earns profit to the good extent. Along with this, the TUST Pvt. Ltd. has not performed well however, its profitability has increased in 2013 over the previous year. The Virgin Australia Holding Ltd performed better tha Quantas Limited in terms of profitability, liquidity, net profit, return on assets, return to equity and EBIT. References Accountingtools (2016) Debt to Assets Ratio.[Online].Available at: https://www.accountingtools.com/debt-to-assets-ratio (Accessed by: 24th September 2016) Cetorelli, N. and Goldberg, L.S., (2012) Liquidity management of US global banks: Internal capital markets in the great recession.Journal of International Economics,88(2), pp.299-311. Creditmanagementworld (2016) Efficiency ratios.[Online].Available at https://www.creditmanagementworld.com/ratios/efficiency.html (Accessed by: 24th September 2016) Ehow (2016) What Does a Low Percentage Return on Assets Mean?.[Online].Available at: https://www.ehow.com/info_8664505_low-percentage-return-assets-mean.html (Accessed by: 24th September 2016) Evans (2016) Accounts receivable ratios.[Online].Available at: https://www.exinfm.com/board/accounts_receivable_ratios.htm (Accessed by: 24th September 2016) Financeformulaes (2016) Return on Assets.[Online].Available at: https://www.financeformulas.net/Return_on_Assets.html (Accessed by: 24th September 2016) Kaplan, R. S., and Atkinson, A. A. (2015) Advanced management accounting. USA: PHI Learning. Kraft, P. (2014) Rating agency adjustments to GAAP financial statements and their effect on ratings and credit spreads,The Accounting Review,90(2), pp. 641-674. Nelson, L. S. (2015) QuickBooks 2016 All-in-One for Dummies.USA: John Wiley Sons Parker, L, Guthrie, J and Linacre, S (2011) 'The relationship between academic accounting research and professional practice', Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 24 (1), pp. 5-14. Pignataro, P. (2013) Leveraged Buyouts, + Website: A Practical Guide to Investment Banking and Private Equity.USA: John Wiley Sons. Porter, A. G., and Norton L. C. (2012) Using Financial Accounting Information: The Alternative to Debits and Credits.USA: Cengage Learning Readyratios (2016) Profitability ratios.[Online].Available at: https://www.readyratios.com/reference/profitability/ (Accessed by: 24th September 2016) Study (2016) Profitability Ratio: Definition, Formula, Analysis Example.[Online].Available at: https://study.com/academy/lesson/profitability-ratio-definition-formula-analysis-example.html (Accessed by: 24 September 2016) Thebalance (2016) Profitability Ratio Analysis.[Online].Available at: https://www.creditmanagementworld.com/clipart/pageHeaders/stripes_brown_tan_beige.gifhttps://www.thebalance.com/profitability-ratio-analysis-393185 (Accessed by: 24th September 2016)

Toys R UsAnalysis of Adopting an E-Commerce Strategy in a Bricks and Mortar Organization. free essay sample

The following paper takes a look at the particular strategy adopted by Toys R Us to make its employees more productive, and in line with modern practices. This paper makes reference to a Toys R Us case study which shows how a firm that has been in existence in 1948 and that has been so geographically dispersed, has made efficient internal communication essential to staying competitive. This paper takes a look at the devices employed by Toys-R-Us and at how the managers attempted to do carry out the successful strategy. From the paper: Microsoft Exchange Server was deployed at the Toys R Us national offices and distribution centers, messaging has become a silent contributor to the companys success and an indispensable part of every employees workday. Dan Hannay, director of operations development for Toys R Us, comments, Since we started using Microsoft Exchange Server, I would guess that, from my vantage point, productivity has increased by 400 percent. We will write a custom essay sample on Toys R Us:Analysis of Adopting an E-Commerce Strategy in a Bricks and Mortar Organization. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Everyone loves to check their e-mail every day, and because e-mail is the primary vehicle for communication, its essential to check it frequently.